Abstract: The epipolar geometry is a core issue in computer vision and close-range digital photogrammetry, which could limit the search range to improve calculation efficiency and reliability of the matching. Currently, epipolar constraint has achieved a wide range of applications in the traditional center of the projected images and satellite images. However, it made greater difficulties for panorama because of the different geometric modeling and projection transformation, especially lacking research on the distribution and reliability test of the epipolar line. So the paper constructs the panoramic epipolar geometry based on essential matrix, deriving the mathematical equations and its property, and analyzes spherical panoramic epipolar line distribution statistically, thus providing a theoretical basis for the spherical panoramic epipolar line used in computer vision and close-range digital photogrammetry. The experimental results show that the epipolar line is much validated, which can decrease search range, and something useful is obtained.