Steganography for 3D Model Based on Frame Transform and HMM Model in Wavelet Domain

Steganography for 3D model in transform domain has deficiency of low capacity, strict dependency on vertex order or topological structure, and is only suitable for regular or half-regular mesh. A steganography for 3D model based on frame transform is proposed in which contour space subdivision and frame transform are designed to map 3D data to frame data. The hidden Markov model (HMM) in wavelet domain is applied to embed data in the zero-tree structure of HMM. The just noticeable distortion analysis based on the human visual system is expanded and applied to the 3D data. The experimental results have shown that the proposed method has features of high security, high capacity (3 bits per vertex) and low distortion, is robust against affine transformation and vertex reordering attack, and is suitable for any meshes of 3D model.